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PhysOrg.com wrote:The mantis shrimps in the study are found on the Great Barrier Reef in Australia and have the most complex vision systems known to science. They can see in twelve colours (humans see in only three) and can distinguish between different forms of polarized light.

Special light-sensitive cells in mantis shrimp eyes act as quarter-wave plates - which can rotate the plane of the oscillations (the polarization) of a light wave as it travels through it. This capability makes it possible for mantis shrimps to convert linearly polarized light to circularly polarized light and vice versa. Manmade quarter-wave plates perform this essential function in CD and DVD players and in circular polarizing filters for cameras.

However, these artificial devices only tend to work well for one colour of light while the natural mechanism in the mantis shrimp's eyes works almost perfectly across the whole visible spectrum - from near-ultra violet to infra-red.

Dr Nicholas Roberts, lead author of the Nature Photonics paper said: "Our work reveals for the first time the unique design and mechanism of the quarter-wave plate in the mantis shrimp's eye. It really is exceptional - out-performing anything we humans have so far been able to create."

Exactly why the mantis shrimp needs such exquisite sensitivity to circularly polarized light isn't clear. However, polarization vision is used by animals for sexual signalling or secret communication that avoids the attention of other animals, especially predators. It could also assist in the finding and catching of prey by improving the clarity of images underwater. If this mechanism in the mantis shrimp provides an evolutionary advantage, it would be easily selected for as it only requires small changes to existing properties of the cell in the eye.

"What's particularly exciting is how beautifully simple it is," Dr Roberts continued. "This natural mechanism, comprised of cell membranes rolled into tubes, completely outperforms synthetic designs.

"It could help us make better optical devices in the future using liquid crystals that have been chemically engineered to mimic the properties of the cells in the mantis shrimp's eye."

This wouldn't be the first time humans have looked to the natural world for new ideas, for example the lobster's compound eye recently inspired the design of an X-ray detector for an astronomical telescope.

More information: A biological quarter-wave retarder with excellent achromaticity in the visible wavelength region by NW Roberts, T-H Chiou, NJ Marshall and TW Cronin. Nature Photonics, http://www.nature.com/nphoton/index.html

LadyTevar wrote:No wonder they have the best eyesight, they're one of the best predators in the southern oceans!
One of the two Mantis Shrimp species have a snap-attack clubbed claw that hits with the acceleration of a 22cal bullet (10,400g at speeds of 23m/s). What makes it worse is it's a double-tap -- first the claw-club hits, then the cavitation bubbles in the wake of the attack hit with the power of 1500 newtons. So, even if the club misses, the shock-wave from the bubble/void stuns or kills the prey.
The other species of Mantis Shrimp harpoons its prey with spear-like barbed claws. These spears can go through a small fish with ease, although without the same acceleration as the claw-club.

I've read a short-story where small crab-like Berserkers landed on a planet where biologists were raising Mantis Shrimp for study. One of the researchers fled across the tidal pool/farm before the Berserkers got her. The Mantis Shrimp, seeing dozens of crab-things invading their pool to reach the human, treat them like prey.
The Berserkers, while numerous, were not that strongly built it seems. The Mantis shrimp crack the metal shells repeatedly, either by their blows or by the shock waves. Programmed to kill humans, the Berserkers are slow to respond to the threat, but it's soon underwater war between robo-crabs and Mantis shrimp. The Mantis shrimp take a beating, but not a single Berserker climbs out of the pools.